Conflict Theorists

Conflict theory was developed from the concern that the structural functionalism theory neglected conflict in society and was politically conservative. This conflict theory also addressed the perceived failure of structural functionalism to account for change in society (Ritzer, 1992, p. 61). This theory has evolved to include elements of structural functionalism and traditional Marxist focus on dominant and subordinate groups.Conflict theory often depicts a: polarization of the forces of â€Å"law and order† on the one hand and left wing political activists and minority group members reacting to what they saw as excessive police repression of political protests and urban riots on the other (Giffen, et al. , 1991, pp. 8-9) This aspect of conflict theory assumes, however, that the dominant and subordinate groups are more or less homogenous in nature.Most research in the field of drug policy recently, however, deals with power being located in â€Å"institutional structures in society such as economic, governmental and religious institutions (Giffen, et al. 1991, p. 10)† that do not presuppose homogenous groups. An example of this would be the comment of Riley after attending a conference on drug issues in the United States, where he remarked that â€Å"many researchers felt the real reason for the war on drugs in that country was that it helped to suppress blacks and minorities. (Riley 1994b)† One of the failings of conflict theory becomes apparent when researchers in the history of this legislation find little in the actual discussion of the laws that pertains to race.Giffen, et al. (1991) write that the early legislation's principle proponents had the â€Å"altruistic aims of supporting the international anti-opium movement† despite the anti-Chinese sentiment of the times (p. 525). The fact that the laws were used solely against the Chinese at first is indicative of this anti-Chinese sentiment, and not the creation of the laws thems elves. Later legislation was driven mainly by enforcement officials, as there was little in the way of public outcry for more rigorous anti-opium legislation (p. 525).Johns (1991) under the heading â€Å"Race: The Creation of an Enemy Class,† writes bluntly: â€Å"The enforcement tactics of the War on Drugs are focused on minority populations† (p. 155). In her paper, Johns (1991) posits that the War on Drugs takes attention away from the factors which underlie the problems of drugs and trafficking, partly because the â€Å"more powerful segments in society† (p. 150) do not want attention focused the poor job they are doing to cure the ills of society. Johns also expands the group being oppressed to include the poor, who have been hit with massive housing and health care cuts under the Republican Presidencies.The dichotomy between those in power and minorities and the poor is self-perpetuating, in that these groups have a limited upward mobility (and, therefore c rimes like trafficking in illicit drugs becomes appealing), and when they do try to increase their wealth through illicit means, those in power see that as justification for minorities and the poor being in the position they are in. The conflict theory is problematic in describing why there is a war on drugs. It may help to explain (as Johns (1991) successfully does) why a War on Drugs continues in the U. S. , but leaves unanswered questions when applied to other situations.

Computer Literacy Essay

Introduction: †¢ How many people in this classroom learn to use computer? As I look around, no one in this classroom, don’t use computer in their offices. †¢ We are all students of AIC, and most likely gone to different basic computer course. †¢ Does studying computer affect the way we communicate? And if so, is this a bad thing? Development †¢ As our society, increasingly dependent on computers to take care of our daily needs, it creates a high demand for skilled professionals to maintain as well as take advantage of this technology. o Pose-Pause-Pounce-Praise †¢ Questions 1. Why do we need to study the use of computer? 2. What is the personal cost as â€Å"studying a computer† becomes a necessity? (requirement, obligation, essential) †¢ We have to go in training †¢ Read & Practice †¢ Tutorial 3. When is the last time you use a computer? †¢ 4. What will you do, if you don’t know how to use computer in case of presentation or research? †¢ Library, other resources 5. Amplify †¢ I’m referring to computer literacy. As computer literacy becomes a necessity, we are faced with the facts that we are in a ever-changing society that demands the use of technology †¢ We will keep putting aside the cost of this literacy as long as we only see the positive aspects of a technology-centered future. KEYPOINT 2: IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER †¢ Questions 1. What is the significance of having a computer in our work? 2. When is the last time that your office procures or upgrades your computer because of increasing demands from your clients? 3. What applications do use in your computer? 4. What will happen if we still use typewriters to share information? 5. Amplify †¢ Information and communication are the two most important strategic issues for the success of every organization. Computers help us to solve this issues.

Arsenic Contamination in Drinking Water Lack of Awareness

Lack of Awareness in Khulna Division Arsenic is treated by World Health Organization as the largest mass poisoning of a population in history in Bangladesh (WHO, 2002). Arsenic poisoning through drinking water results pigmentation of skin; enlargement of kidney, liver and lungs; failure of kidney and liver; jaundice etc. Finally it can even forward to death causing cancer of skin, lungs and bladder. In Khulna division, the administrative region of south-west Bangladesh is facing the problem as critical public health issue at present due to lack of awareness. In this area, about 16 million people from different 10 districts are under high risk of arsenic poisoning (BBS, a, 2011). In the Goal 7 of MDG, a target has been set for Bangladesh to achieve Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water (BBS, b. 2010). For fighting against the prevailing arsenic disaster it is highly need to raise awareness and expedite education to the people of the area. Government agencies and several NGOs are working in this area for mitigation of this problem by sensitization, advocating, educating for alternative safe water sources etc. Even though, the awareness level is not pleasing at all. In Table-1, data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey is showing the proportion of arsenic contamination and having awareness in Khulna division scrutinizes the argument. In Khulna division, as per WHO standard.

The Think Aloud Learning Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Think Aloud Learning Strategy - Assignment Example The authors state that the Think Aloud method of recognizing cognition is a way of learning the productive thinking process of students, a fact that is confirmed by the research studies that the researchers conducted. The Think Aloud strategy is a process used by effective teachers to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy to students. This is done by demonstrating the ease of solving problems that require cognitive thinking to solve the problems. The importance of the Think Aloud process is a way that can be used by teachers to assess how their students respond to hard tasks in the classroom setting. This is because the process gives teachers the opportunity to learn the weaknesses of their students in problem solving situations, therefore, helping in the identification of effective solutions. The process also teaches students the importance of internal dialogue in problem identification and solution, a fact that leads to the effective development of reading skills. The Think Aloud process allows students to develop into reflective and independent learners, therefore, leading to effective achievement of learning tasks. This factor is beneficial because it allows the student to approach problems with the proper mindset for effective solutions. ... Therefore, the teacher monitoring the students is able to identify weak spots in the reading strategy employed by the student, and propose effective solutions to the problems. The Think Aloud strategy is also used in problem solution, where the student refers to the steps already completed in the solution process, and identifies errors or difficulties encountered. Therefore, the Think Aloud strategy is used to improve the problem solving capability of the students and improve their learning ability. The other application of the Think Aloud process is to research and data collection. The process of thinking aloud when performing a difficult task is also useful in collecting data related to the cognitive process of a test subject. This means that, a researcher aiming to study the cognitive process can utilize the Think Aloud strategy to identify the cognitive processes involved in the thinking process; therefore, the results can be used to map cognitive processes. According to Johnston e, Bottsford-Miller and Thompson (2006), the Think Aloud process is independent of the interpretive process in the human brain; therefore, the data collected from the process is viable and cannot be manipulated by a student or researcher. Therefore, the Think Aloud process can be identified to be of importance in the solution process of a research study. #3 In the health care industry, the Think Aloud process can also be used to identify solutions to the problems stated above. According to Phaneuf (2009), the nursing industry is currently exposed to changing situations and increasing workloads. The author states that after the change in nursing

Outline the key arguments of Plato - Analyze the above arguments given Essay

Outline the key arguments of Plato - Analyze the above arguments given Plato's main theses - Compare those arguments to Butler - Essay Example According to him, the difference between a man and woman is merely biological, whereby both sexes play certain roles during procreation. Consequently, this thought and understanding of gender as irrelevant prompted numerous intellectuals to conclude Plato was a feminist. Primarily, this is because of his argument regarding inclusion of women in assuming similar roles towards nation building without considering humanity’s biological discrepancies, which are beyond human intervention. Women ought to have equal say similar to their male counterparts, as per Platonic argument. This is because they are capable of delivering as necessitated besides talented enough to exceed society’s expectations (Jowett 106). Consequently, this prompted Plato among all other philosophers to emerge as the modern day’s democratic ancestor due to his perspective regarding female gender’s consideration into public affairs. However, in the execution of same duties or roles by both s exes, Plato seems to have a soft understanding concerning jobs’ allocation without giving a clear explanation. Thus, women and men guardians cannot tolerate similar severity of their respective jobs’ environment, whereby the latter’s environment is a bit tougher than the females’. ... Are there roles in the city that are particular to women and men because they are women or men? Besides Plato’s strong stand regarding gender irrelevance in the allocation of jobs and undertaking of diverse roles in the society, he admits that each sex has a responsibility to undertake. Mainly, these roles basis encompass biological differences where women, according to Plato’s arguments, embrace the role of mothers and wives. These roles are irrefutable, and nature dictates them to assume that course; hence, they are beyond human intervention. However, for other roles, especially those that encompass diverse city’s tasks, Plato emphasize consideration for gender equality. However, his argument did not imply he had in mind the position of woman in the society; instead, his intention was strictly to involve them in the kallipolis affairs. Plato’s perspective entailed women’s capability and not their liberation as it is with numerous contemporary femi nists. This is evident from Plato’s deprecating attitude towards women, which comprised his nature. Plato’s advocating of gender equality was a way of ensuring that justice prevails in all sectors where women will be able to contribute constructively. Why does Plato make the argument that he does? Plato’s main concern is to ensure justice and development in kallipolis with the involvement of both sexes. Thus, he deemed the authorities would prove to be fair via accommodating every person to contribute constructively in doing what one thinks he or she is proficient in. This is regardless of sharing or assuming similar roles like that of a guardian where the authorities should not discriminate women

Bobs Meltdown Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bobs Meltdown - Case Study Example As the discussion outlines the first alternative that Singer could take is to fire Dunn, who is the senior Vice President and General Manager, Services. However, the case study identifies that Dunn is the best manager and the profitability of the company probably rides on his shoulders. This alternative will make the company lose revenue, and probably end up insolvent. The other alternative that Singer could take is to severely reprimand Dunn and make him apologize to Ms. Annette over his behavior. Organizational behavior ethos dictate that the best functioning of an organization as a team requires the cohesion that can only be achieved by a unity between the managers. The third alternative would be to assume that Dunn was under a lot of pressure from the responsibility entrusted to him. Therefore, this alternative would require that Mr. Singer talks to Dunn and tells him to calm down, and that Annette would be made to understand the importance of the services department. From this study it is clear that all the alternatives proposed above their own limitations and strengths, mainly because of the deep ethical and professional implication of Dunn’s actions. The first alternative is the first consideration, because of the unprofessional nature of Dunn’s reaction. However, this alternative would result in a loss in profitability for the company before another manager as good as Dunn is found. The second alterative, a reprimand and no other action being taken, is not very advisable for the firm. This is because of the interpretations that the action would elicit from the other employees. This alternative would imply that the company does not care about some employees, especially the female employees, and that the performance record by Dunn gives him more leeway than the other employees.

Business 50 p week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business 50 p week 2 - Essay Example Policies and procedures define the service culture and the mode of operation within an organization. The essence of recommending changes in the manner in which policies and procedures are established is to give priorities on certain aspects that are critical for employees and customers. Formulation of policies and the process of implementation requires an approach that focusses centrally on the clients while maintaining the interest of the employees (Martinez & Hobbi, 2008). Most of the policies focus on the organization and not the workers and the clients who are supposed to be served. Service culture requires a two-dimensional approach where the interest of the customers and the employees are catered for with due diligence. Catering for the needs of the employees enhance motivation thus increasing the levels of productivity for the organization. Consequently, a customer-centric approach in policy formulation ensures that the client satisfaction in terms of service delivery is achieved as appropriate (Martinez & Hobbi, 2008). Changing the design of policies and procedures enhance prompt service delivery positive impact on the service culture of the

Global environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global environment - Research Paper Example Over the time, the elevation in the population rate declined the natural reservoirs. In other words, the natural resources are coming under intense pressure with its vast usage by the population that is creating a threat to the health of the entire population of the world. Moreover, it is also creating a warning sign for the social and economic development as well. This is due to the reason that natural reservoirs have come under consumption to the maximum level in the process of production as the inhabitants principally count on these resources the most, consequently, drastically impacting the environment on a global basis. â€Å"However, one of the principal and leading challenges that the planet Earth and its entire human race is encountering while crossing the threshold into the twenty first century is the universal environmental pollution and the climatic variation that comes under alliance to it. In addition, this global environment wears and tears are in a continuation process, which has become one of the foremost and focal concerns in the today’s life†. The thought that the public are exploiting the nature and the resources in order to meet the current needs gives rise to the question that are the human beings of this world deteriorating the natural resources that is one of the major needs for the future as well. According to studies and researches, it has come to an observation the developing countries with an intention to improve the living standards of the common people, these economies are utilizing the natural resources more rapidly and in a much accelerated pace than they are restoring or redeveloping these resources. As an outcome of it, these developing nations are creating a permanent and irremediable damage to the natural resources. Moreover, with carrying out an unbearable growth and expansion for the natural resources, the humankind is encouraging and giving rise to the ecological disasters that contribute to deteriorate the environment on an enduring basis. Water shortages, soil exhaustion, air and water pollution, lack of forestland and trees, and degradation of coastlines are few of the instances that are the leading contributing factors that may badly affect numerous regions and districts of the world. The records and evidences divulge the piece of information that the twentieth century was the epoch that witnessed a revolution that resulted in the strange and bizarre environmental turmoil. The human creatures and their actions and doings are the chief and salient causes that triggered such environmental turbulence. However, the global environm ent has dramatically affected the lives of not only the human beings but also the other living creatures such as marine life, plants, animals and many other types of species. Moreover, these environmental risk and jeopardy embrace shift in average temperature and the weather, weakening of the ozone layer, ecological change, urbanization and

Accounting and Finance will send you fquestions file Essay

Accounting and Finance will send you fquestions file - Essay Example Therefore, the IRR calculated through Trial & Error method is 29.165% approximately at which the present value of estimated cash flows is  £99,996 which is approximately equal to initial investment i.e.  £100,000 The customer should take the project because the payback period is two years and eight months, besides, the IRR calculated through Trial & Error method is 29.165% approximately at which the present value of estimated cash flows is  £99,996 that gives an approximately equal to initial investment i.e.  £100,000. The ending cash balance during month of August is  £37,240 while the expected cash balance during September is  £43,390. Similarly the expected cash balance during October and November are  £48,930 and  £55,150 respectively as shown in the table above. Organisations need budget to help in the evaluation of its performance. Without a financial planning that makes use of the budget, they would not be in a position to assess their progress and institute appropriate measures. Besides, they need budgeting for efficient coordination of the organisational activities. The budget acts like a blueprint that provides the roadmap and the expectation of the activities like sales, expenditures, and other costs. When organisations do not use budgets to address these issues, they are at risk of running down the organisation because of unplanned activities that are likely to exceed the expectations. Budgeting helps organisations to take control of their finances, hence keeping focused on the goals they laid down when beginning the financial year. A budget helps the organisation plan savings and makes decisions in advance when expecting or not expecting any costs related to the activity of the organisation hence controlling debts (Young, 2003). Budgeting process can be very challenging especially when there is poor communication between the team tasked with the making of decisions. Therefore, enhancing communication and reducing the number of people

Leadership Failure Position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership Failure Position - Essay Example Weiner demonstrates a charismatic and relationship-motivated leadership approach.Indeed, a New York Times article announcing Weiner’s resignation notes that some of his colleagues described him as, â€Å"a publicity seeker unwilling to put in the hard work needed to pass serious legislation† (Hernandez, 2011). This is seemingly indicative of an individual that is task-averse. To an extent then the action’s Weiner took may be thematically indicative of his situational approach to other aspects of his career. One also considers if Weiner’s gender may have contributed to his increased scrutiny. Such a consideration has long been a question in prominent sex cases where an older woman engages in consensual relations with a minor. While Weiner’s situation is clearly different, it seems that to an extent the logic could be applied to this situation. In Weiner’s situation, the nature of him sending photos of a sexual nature to a woman seemingly is in dicative of an abuse of power on his part. The nature of such an act is more pronounced when emerging from a male because of both masculine physicalities, as well as the social connotations.While Weiner’s personal responsibility is a prominent element of his leadership failure, it’s also necessary to consider Weiner’s institutional position as Congressman. Clearly, the scandal gained media attention for Weiner’s position as a member of the House of Representatives. One considers that prior to the scandal Anthony Weiner had gained a reputation for bombastic and sensational speeches.

Newspaper Comparison Essay Example for Free

Newspaper Comparison Essay Both the newspapers have the headlines in large bold letters. The story is big news and as many people would be talking about it, they want to catch peoples attention so they will buy the newspaper. The Daily Star briefly explains the story NINE TOP SOCCER STARS IN GANG RAPE' which is quite specific information. I think they do this so when people look at the newspaper that is what they will read and therefore will want to know in more detail what happened, especially as it involves celebrities TOP SOCCER STARS. I think the words GANG RAPE are in inverted commas because this is what the footballers were accused of, maybe a quote of how somebody described the offences committed. However, the Daily Mail does not explain what the article will be about on the front page as the Daily Star does. It merely states SHAMING OF SOCCER I think this is so that peoples curiosity will be raised and they will want to know who shamed soccer, what happened etc. I think both of these headlines are quite effective and would make me want to but the newspaper and so learn more about the story. Both the front pages of the newspapers have sub-headings. The Daily Stars says, Leicester players held in Spanish roasting shame which is quite slangy and explains the article further although here are much more to be found out and will boost the interest of people who read the sub-headings. The Daily Mails sub-heading reads, Premiership stars held in custody over sex allegations. This is quite similar to the Daily Stars sub-heading as it briefly explains what the article is about. However, it is not as slangy as the Daily Stars. A difference between the front pages is that the Daily Mail has two pictures whereas the Daily Star has none. The two pictures are of arrested footballers and they are both looking towards the text in the centre, which invites people to read it. One mans head comes out of the picture frame, which gives the newspaper article a 3D realistic impression. Both the front pages have the beginning of the article and then the reader is referred to another page where it continues. Both the newspapers have by-lines but the Daily Stars is at the top of the beginning of the article and the Daily Mails is at the top of the second column. The two newspapers seem to have conflicting information. The Daily Mail tells us, Eight premiership stars held in custody. In contrast, the Daily Star says, Nine top soccer stars in Gang rape'. This is quite important information that they differ about. However, both the newspapers explain that one player; Steffen Freund was released on bail after being accused of failure to assist a victim. Again, the headlines are in large bold letters. They both include quotes. The Daily Mails headline reads, Players raped three tourists'. This is very short, simple and to the point. It encourages the readers to read about such a shocking story. The quote is probably from a policeman or a spokesperson. The Daily Stars headline is quite different. It includes alliteration GANG RAPE SOCCER STARS ARE MARCHED AWAY IN MANACLES The quote is what the gang was accused of and is the common term the public knows the scandal to be. In the Daily Mail, there is a strapline reading, Leicester City stars on training break in Spain were drinking heavily and brawling before alleged attacks on women in hotel room, say staff. This explains the story further and is quite dramatic, so will make the reader to read the article drinking heavily, brawling, and attacks on women. These terms add interest and shock the reader, especially as celebrities are involved and these people are supposed to set an example to their fans. However, in the article in the Daily Star, there is no strapline or sub-heading which gives me the impression that this newspaper is of a more simple style. The layouts of the newspapers strike me as being quite similar. They both take up a double page spread. On the left they both have the article as well a couple of pictures, though the Daily Mail has three pictures on the left page. Both the right pages are taken up with pictures as well as a section with a picture of each player and w description of what they are accused of. However, the Daily Mails is more detailed as it also has some history on each of the footballers. Also, the Daily Mail has a small article linking with the footballers article, with the headline reading, Young, overpaid and violently out of control. One difference is that the Daily Stars headline does not stretch across the double page, whereas the Daily Mails does. On the left page, the Daily Star has its text in the centre of the page, which makes it seem like the priority to the reader, but the Daily Mail has its text towards the left of the page, which makes it seem less important. The Daily Star has crossheads that break up the text, such as Warned and bruises. I think this is to make the text easier to read for the reader. However, the Daily Mail has no crossheads. The Daily Mail uses language that is simple and self-explanatory, such as, They were said to have forced their way into the womens room at the exclusive La Manga resort on the Costa Calida, where the team has been on a winter training break. There are hardly any long or hard words in the text. I think this is so anybody can read this newspaper whether they are well educated or not. The Daily Star uses quite strong language, as if wanting to dramatise the story as much as possible and hold the interest of the reader. For example, it uses: drunken night out, sex scandal, and smashed down , boisterous stars. This quite contemporary language and gives the impression that the Daily Star is aimed at a less sophisticated reader. The pictures in the newspapers are similar in some ways but not in others. Both the newspapers have the same picture of a German woman (who made the accusation) hiding from the camera under her jacket. This gives the impression that she is quite vulnerable and makes me feel sorry for her. I think the editors who chose this picture wanted o give that impression. The picture in the Daily Mail is, however much larger than in the Daily Star and is also a cut-out. This is quite a modern way of presenting a picture and gives it a 3D effect. Both the newspapers have a section with a photograph of each player, their name and what they are accused of. However, the pictures in the Daily Mail differ to those in the Daily Star. Those in the Daily Star show the players looking like thugs. They all have violent or grumpy expressions on their faces and from these pictures we can imagine them being able to rape the women. But, the picture in the Daily Mail shows the players with smiles on their face, looking into the camera as if to say they are in control. They do not look as thug-like as they did in the Daily Star. Both the newspapers have different picture of the hotel. I think the pictures in the newspapers are given different priorities. The two picture on the lift page of the Daily Star are small and on either side. However, the three pictures in the Daily Mail are very large and take up most of the page. The other picture in the Daily Mail is of the soccer players lawyer, showing her with a grave expression on her face, which gives us the impression that the footballers are in trouble and she is not finding it easy helping them. Other pictures in the Daily Star are of a worried looking boss with Steffen Freund and a large picture of Coyne, one of the accused players looking scared. Both the newspapers hold quotes. The Daily Star has quotes in the middle and towards the end of the article, as does the Daily Mail.

The Impact Of Social Divisions Social Work Essay

The Impact Of Social Divisions Social Work Essay Social Workers work with some of the most disadvantaged and vulnerable people in Society, those who have been possibly subjected to oppression in their daily lives. Most would agree that Social Work is a diverse and shifting activity (Jones 200241) in response to the situations presented within society. The society that we live in can be seen as one with many divisions, due to individual difference, people are categorised in due to these differences such as gender, race, class, age and disability. These Social Divisions can result in certain groups being oppressed. Barker (2003306-307) defines oppression as The social act of placing severe restrictions on an individual, group or institution. Typically a government or political organisation that is in power places these restrictions formally or covertly on oppressed groups so that they may be exploited and less able to compete with other social groups, the oppressed are devalued exploited and deprived of privileges by the individual or group that has more power. Oppression can be fully understood through attention to race, gender, class, disability, sexuality and age. Society can attribute to these differences by defining people and their roles based on their different experiences in relation to the power, status and opportunities in society. Northern Ireland is seen as a multi-cultural society with inhabitants from many different backgrounds and cultures. The roles and expectations that society assumes for different group of people is immersed on a cultural level, thus creating common values about what is normal which creates perceptions of social norms. Through these perceptions of social norms oppression comes to the forefront. Recurring discrimination leads to oppression. Thompson (199810) says this is: inhuman or degrading treatment of individuals or groups; hardship and injustice brought about by the dominance of one group over another, the negative and demanding exercise of power. Oppression often involves disregarding the rights of an individual or group and is a denial of citizenship. It is important that it is recognise that oppression is not intended solely to refer to situations where a powerful person or group exerts tyranny over others it also refers to the structural injustices that can arise from often unintentional oppressive assumptions and interactions which occur as a result of institutional and social customs, economic practices and rules. (Clifford and Burke 2009) For the purpose of this assignment I am going to focus on racism and the oppression faced by Travellers as an ethnic minority group. Travellers are an indigenous minority in Ireland and enjoy a distinctive culture, value system and common language. (OConnell, 2006:4) Travellers nomadic lifestyle follows a routine based on economic practices and religion. According to the Government, Travellers have shared histories, a nomadic way of life and distinct cultural identity (Department of Justice 2005; Cited by OConnell 20064) One notable feature about the discourse of Travellers is the tendency to associate traveller oppression with the terms discrimination and prejudice and not racism, a tendency which is reflective of a broader resistance among some members of the Irish public and some policymakers and politicians to naming the treatment of travellers as racist. (Exchange House Travellers Service, 2005, www.exchangehouse.ie) (accessed 14/10/10) The failure to acknowledge traveller oppression as racism may be stemming from failure to acknowledge travellers as a distinct ethnic group. While travellers are visually racialised in society by their normandism, they were also marked through their physical, not structural whiteness. This failure to associate the marginalisation of travellers in Irish Society with racism supports a false understanding of racism as pertaining exclusively or primarily to people of colour (Downes Gilligan 2007249) despite definitions such as Burke and Harrisons (2000 283) who believe: racism is a multidimensional and complex system of power and powerlessness, a process in which powerful groups are able to dominate, which can be seen in the differential outcomes for less powerful groups in accessing services in the health and welfare, education, housing and the legal and criminal justice systems. This notion of power can demonstrate the segregations in society, and can heighten the oppression faced by those of ethnic minority groups. The development of racial ideology does not reflect the state of knowledge about racial differences but an aspect of social conflict.'(Ely and Denny 19874) Racism is a negative term with negative connotations and can be seen as a socially constructed ideology rather than a biological entity. (Thompson 2006) The impact of racism on ethnic minority groups can be detrimental, it can place many restraint on the lives of the individuals such as being restricted in what services they can avail of, the lack of knowledge about the provisions and opportunities available to them. Racism damages those it oppresses socially, economically and politically. (Dominelli 200865) Thompson (1993, p19) states that: P refers to the personal or psychological; it is the individual level thoughts, feelings, attitudes and actions. It also refers to practice, individual workers interacting with individual clients, and prejudice, the inflexibility of mind, which stands in the way of fair and non judgmental practice. C refers to the cultural level of shared ways of seeing, thinking and doing. It relates to the commonalities, values and patterns of thought and behaviour, an assumed consensus about what is right and what is normal; It produces conformity to social norms, and comic humour acts as a vehicle for transmitting and reinforcing this culture. S refers to the structural level, the network of social divisions; it relates to the ways in which oppression and discrimination are institutionalised and thus sewn in to the fabric of society. It denotes the wider level of social forces, the socio-political dimension of interlocking patterns of power and influence. At the Personal Level Travellers can be seen to be oppressed in many ways, the impressions that Travellers are dirty, criminal As a minority group, Travellers suffer discrimination and oppression; they are marginalised and excluded by people of the settled community. Poverty is seen to be part of daily living within the travelling community and many of the settled community feel that it is due to their Normandic way of life and that it could be solved by settling down and getting a job. (De Burca Jeffers 1999; Cited in Downes Gilligan, 2007:249) Rather than offering a structural explanation for traveller poverty, or an understanding of these experiences from the travellers point of view, the views and interpretations of the dominant cultural group are usually imposed on travellers. (Downes Gilligan 2007) However the oppression faced by travellers cannot be seen just from a personal point of view, it needs to be viewed in a broader context. Racism manifests itself in many different ways in society. Thompsons (2006) PCS model provides an understanding to how racism des so; it can be seen to operate at three different levels, the personal, cultural and structural. Clifford and Burke (200918) believe that Oppression operates at both structural and personal levels at the same time. Since the formation of the Welfare State many changes have come about which have resulted in positive actions in attempting to challenge racism and the oppression faced by people in Society. Social Policy plays an important part in promoting integration in society. One of the functions of the Welfare provision in general, is to promote the integration of individuals in society. (Oliver 199678) These policies may be interpreted as responses to perceived social needs. The policies evolve within an environment where problems come to the forefronts that are seen to require political solutions and pressures occur for new political responses. (Hill 2009) Social Work practice is transforming through the creation of social relations, fostering equality and justice in moving toward an anti- racist approach, a political stance against racism is adopted on the personal, institutional and cultural levels within policies, practice, education and Social Work organisations. (Dominelli, 2008) OConnell (20065) states that Travellers have been victims of violence and intimidation and have been subject to exclusion from services, giving rise to many cases under the Equal Status Act. This Act covers discrimination on the grounds of gender, race, age, marital status, family status, religion, sexual orientation, disability and membership of the Traveller Community. Deconstructing power relations and privileging within professional relationships can begin the processes of changing professional and organisational structures. Dominelli (2008:77) The Traveller Education strategy (2006) seeks an end to separate Traveller provision in education to be replaced by inclusive provision in main stream services. The need to respect Travellers rights is a logical element of the new human rights and equality architecture established since 1998: the creation of an Equality Authority to promote equality, an Equality Tribunal to hear discrimination cases, the National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism (NCCRI) to give expert advice on these issues, and the Irish Human Rights Commission (IHRC) to promote human rights. Ireland has adopted new anti-discrimination legislation (1998 Employment Equality Act and 2000 Equal Status Act), and most recently the State has announced a National Action Plan against Racism (Department of Justice 2005). Anti-racist initiatives are reflected in Social Work education and practice, many Social work organisations engaged with what is known as Race Awareness Training. These initiative target Social Work education as well as service delivery. CCETSW implemented an anti racist policy which was aimed at looking at ways to educate student and practitioners of anti-racist practices. (Llewellyn 2008)

Education Studies Theories Of Learning Reflect Education Essay

Education Studies Theories Of Learning Reflect Education Essay It is widely understood that most of a childs learning and development takes place with an educational environment a school setting for example. But this does not mean to say a child learns approaches used in schools, which assist children to develop physically emotionally intellectually and develops by just listening to a teacher alone, there are a variety of different methods and sociably as well as to develop their language skills. Throughout my assignment i intend to reflect upon my own learning experiences, and discuss these in relation to different learning theories. In addition to this, i will then take into account what this may mean for my future learning and development and what different skills, qualities and abilities i feel are essential in order me to be an effective educational practitioner Before i am able to reflect on my own learning experiences, I must establish what learning actually is. I personally feel that learning is the way in which an individual has the ability to learn and develop in different ways for example cognitively emotionally and socially, we always need that guidance from a teacher, parent, peer. A leaner needs to recap over existing knowledge or behaviour in order for it to be improved or develop. What we learn at any time is influenced by our previous learning. An extension to this is defined by Nisbet (1986,p.11) who goes on to explain that we may certainly learns new ways of doing things and certain rules but we continue to rely on our previous habits that we have picked up from past experiences of learning. B.F. Skinner who was a behaviourist, his main contribution to behaviourism were the notions of positive and negative reinforcement. He also developed the idea of behaviour shaping, which is training humans to carry out new tasks through a s eries of increasingly complex activities leading to the desire goal. Where as Burns (1995, p99) talks about learning being relatively permanent changes in behavior as the result from experience, internal processes such as thinking, attitudes and emotions. Another definition of learning is defined by John Locke who was an English philosopher who believed, the learner starts off as a clean slate (Tabula rasa) onto which learning and experiences would be imprinted. Whether one agrees with the different learning theorists or theories, our personal development is largely facilitated by teachers or MKO (more knowledgeable other) who should have the motivation, understanding and knowledge to develop our full potential from an early age. Abraham Maslow believes the hierarchy needs to be met before and individual can start their learning process these are physiological needs, safety and security, belongingness and love, and self -esteem and Self-actualization. a learner whether it is a adult or child cannot learn unless they are warm, have shelter, fed and are loved. The learner has to feel safe and protected in the environment, we must also feel loved and belonging in order to achieve our full potential. Another important set of needs in the hierarchy is self-esteem, high level of confidence an individual- learner needs to have a positive view on themselves and finally self-actualization refers to the need for self-fulfilment a positive state of mind. I feel these hierarchy needs are crucial in order for an individual to learn because if we are homeless, cold, hungry, or unloved then in my opinion we would not be concerned about our intellectual development. This first experience of learning that I will discuss is learning to drive a car. Many of my friends and family had passed their driving test, and had the freedom to go wherever they wanted without asking for a lift or arranging a time that was best. I used to watch in envy as they drove past, but I was too scared to get behind the wheel myself, because I was involved in a serious car at the age of 10. I was planning to go to study away the following year at Preston University and my mum encouraged me to start taking driving lessons, so I could travel back on the weekends and be more independent, she had promised to buy me my first car and assist with the running of it. I eventually got the courage and started taking lessons. Throughout my learning I did struggle with certain manoeuvres, for example a 3 point turn in the road I used to hit the curb as I would reverse backwards, because my instructor had said he cannot give me guidance all the time because the examiner would not guide me on the day. My instructor had picked up on me finding it difficult and stopped teaching me other manoeuvres for the time being, and every lesson I had involved two turns in the road until i could do them. He made it challenging every time because he didnt take me to the same roads and some of the roads where narrower than others. So I spent 1 year working at getting to level of being a good safe dri ver then I was ready to take my test, and passed. Looking back at what it was that actually motivated me to get behind the wheel and put my fears behind me, was the fact that most of my friends my age could drive and in some sense u could say I felt left out, and was always the one sat as a passenger rather than the one actually driving. Since beginning this subject of study I have developed and understanding about different levels of motivation, a child or adult being able to be motivated themselves individually in order to learn effectively. I am going to use examples to explain what I exactly mean by this and how it is relevant to my learning experience. I was intrinsically motivated because I wanted to learn to drive, so I was more independent and didnt feel unaided, I was also extrinsically motivated because my mother said when I pass she will buy me my first car, so I was rewarded for my achievement at the end. Now I will go on to explain which theories or learning theorist are most relevant in my learning experience. REFRENCEFirstly the constructivism theory of which Piaget ideas were integrated into, he believed children using direct experience and then exploring and learning, in their own way at their own pace, whilst being involved in an activity. My learning to drive experience demonstrates that I learned at my own pace because it happened over a period of time. Banyard and Hayes (1994, p.259) explain how Albert Bandura believes that people can learn new information and behaviours by watching other people, known as observational learning where we model other behaviour and I knew roughly how to start because i used to watch my mother and friends when I was a passenger. Bruner (1960) explained how learning is an active process revisiting basic ideas over and over, building upon them and elaborating to the level of full understanding. This was possible through the concept of the spiral cu rriculum. Bruner believed information being structured so that the basics can be taught first, and then complex after, then re-visited at more complex levels later on. For example first I learned how to drive on local quite roads, then at a later stage once my confidence built up and I gained more knowledge I was taken on busier main roads during rush hour. My next learning experience I will discuss in my essay is learning my timetables. I recall back to when I was in first school about year three or four, my teacher gave me a set of time tables to learn and then take sheet home to practice . I remember I was finding it difficult to get to grips with the 6 times table, so I asked my mother to help me. She made me some flash cards and turned learning them into a game. We laid the cards out on the table and I had to match the cards together for example, the card 36 to 6 x 6. I really wanted to do well because my mother had said if i did well she would take me to toy shop. When my mother would come to pick me up from school the teacher would tell her how well i did, and when we used to go shopping into town my mother would buy a tamagotchi. So I was most defiantly motivated in learning them. When thinking about this learning experience since doing this topic, has made me come to realise that because my learning style is kinaesthetic, this was the reason why I found the flash cards helpful and easier for me to learn, because I was moving things around rather than just looking at the sheet reading them and trying to remember them. The theories that I found relevant to my learning experience here was Edward Thorndikes laws of effect theory, in addition and skinners positive reinforcement theory were the most important, both of the theories are very similar. Banyard and Hayes (1994, p.267), states that behaviour that has a positive and rewarding outcome is therefore more likely to reoccur in similar situations. The other theory i found relevant was the Social Constructivism theory, of which ideas Vygotsky ideas of learning were integrated into. Recalling back to my learning experience when I was receiving guidance and help from my mother, Vygosky would view it as scaffolding which was one of his most important concepts. He believed that without scaffolding from the More Knowledgeable other (MKO) we only have the ability to reach our zone of actual development (ZAD) meaning we would only achieve what we are cable of without help, on the other hand if our learning is scaffold then we have the ability to reach our zone of proximal development (ZPD).REFRENCE In terms of my future learning, it is important that I stay persistent so I can reach my goal in becoming a primary school teacher. I understand that every child is different with their own unique learning styles, every child learns in their own way and pace and it is important to meet their learning needs. I also believe that it is important for me to be able to view tasks how a child would receive it, as this is what will make me a effective practitioner because I will be able to adapt the teaching approach to that individual if needed Another vital part of this essay is to discuss the skills and qualities I feel are essential for any effective educational practitioner. Listening effectively to the children is an important skill a teacher needs, so they can cater for the different learning styles in order to give them the best possible opportunities to learn. I also feel it is crucial that a teacher is warming, kind and approachable so the children feel comfortable in talking about anything no matter the problem or situation. Another skill I feel is crucial is having excellent communication, having the ability to communicate with other teachers, students of all ages and parents. It is also vital that the educational practitioner has a positive attitude and is patient even in difficult situations. On reflection of my essay, I have realised how much knowledge I have achieved, which I can use in the classroom in the future. I have learnt that not everyone learns in the same way, was as the teachers need to make learning fun and efficient. Whilst doing this essay I realised why certain outcomes occurred in terms of my own learning experience i.e. motivation, positive reinforcement and support network around me.

Impact of Globalization on Economics and Business :: Outsourcing, Offshoring, Free Trade

We live in a time of worldwide change. What happens in one part of the world impacts people on the other side of the world. People around the world are influenced by common developments. The term Globalization is used to describe this phenomenon. According to Harris, the term is being used in a variety of contexts. In a very broad context, media professionals use it almost daily to refer to a wide variety of political, sociological, environmental, and economic changes. The business world, however, uses this term in a much narrower context to refer to production, distribution, and marketing of goods and services at an international level. Everyone is impacted by the continuing increase in Globalization in a variety of ways. The types of food we eat, the kinds of clothes we wear, the variety of technologies that we utilize, the modes of transportation that are available to us, and the types of jobs we pursue are directly linked to Globalization. Globalization is changing the world we live in. Causes of Globalization Harris indicates there are three main factors contributing to globalization. The factors include:  · The reduction in trade and investment barriers to the post- world war II period  · The rapid growth and increase in the size of developing countries’ economies  · Changes in technology Trade Agreements Originally each nation established its own rules of governing forein trade. Regulations and tariffs were often the outcome, leading to the tariff wars of the 1930’s. Nations have found it convenient . . . to agree to rules that limit there own freedom of action in trade matters, and generally work toward the removal of artificial and often arbitrary barriers to trade. Many trade agreements exist in the world today. Of those agreements (general agreement on tariffs and trade [GATT], the European community, and the north American free trade agreement [NAFTA] have had or will have significant impact on the united states. GATT. The first trade agreement of major significance was the general agreement of tariffs and trade. GATT was aimed at lowering tariff barriers among its members. The success of the organization is evidenced by its membership. Originally signed by 23 countries in 1947, the number of participating countries continues to grow. The Uruguay Round of GATT is the most Ambitious Trade Agreement ever attempted. Some 108 nations would lower tariff and other barriers on textiles and other agricultural goods; protect one anothers intellectual property; and open there borders toi banks, insurance companies, and purveyors of other services.

Analysis of Marks Gospel Essay -- essays research papers fc

This research assignment aims to analyse and interpret an influential part of the New Testament – Mark’s Gospel. An analysis of Mark and his community will be discussed as well as interpreting Jesus’ teachings and his significant theme of Discipleship as it was then and in present society. A Gospel in general, is a textual document written in narrative form of the good news and teachings proclaimed by Jesus to announce the power of God. Mark’s Gospel is one of four others (Matthew, Luke and John), where each Gospel has its differences in structure, language and theological slants. Mark’s Gospel is divided into three main sections: The Ministry of Jesus, Jesus’ prologue of foretelling his Passion, and his Passion and Death. Mark set out on a mission of God to carry on the word of Jesus with Paul, where Mark was traditionally known to be closely linked to one of Jesus’ disciples – Peter, which many of the stories in the Gospel relate to his perspective and point of view. Much of Mark’s stories may have originated from Peter through oral transfer (as it was common in those times) and discussions with Paul, as well as accounts from the Old Testament. Mark’s community mainly consisted of Gentiles who lived in Rome as opposed to Jesus followers in Israel who were Jews. Gentiles are classified as people of any religion that are not Jewish, and of non-Jewish origins such as the Romans. In particular the Roman Centurion (army officer) who professed that Jesus was truly the Son of God (15:39), is one of many reasons that suggest Mark’s community to be Gentile. This is a significant part in the Passion narrative, as the Centurion – being a Gentile is one of the first people to have faith and believe in Jesus after his death, which is relevant to the Kingdom of God. Also, many of Jewish customs are explained for non-Jewish followers as well as Mark’s translation of Latin words written in Greek (Mark: A Gospel for Today, 1989). Mark’s community endured much suffering under the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero that was persecuting Christians for practicing their Monotheistic faith and preaching the word of Jesus. For Mark’s community, in continuing the word of Jesus and to spread the good news, the people faced many difficulties as to convert to Christianity. These barriers included the geographical differences of Rome and Jerusalem as well as having their own opinions... ...l their possessions behind to follow Jesus. Though Discipleship does not result in poverty, but living a true live in accordance with God, and the Messiah. However, recontextualised in modern contexts - priests have also undergone this concept and discarded monetary values to serve under the authority of Jesus and to spread the good news and give guidance to those who are lost, just as Jesus’ disciples did. Nevertheless, this does not stipulate the right for people in such high ranks of ‘Holiness’ to exclude or criticize others’ views, and to make unaccountable judgments on the behalf of God. We should persist on the tolerance and respect of other’s viewpoints. This theme also gives hope to ‘Jesus Followers’ that it is not the end for God’s people. Written By: Marcus Huynh Copyright Bibliography: Danes, Christopher & Simon. (1989) Mark: A Gospel for Today. Lion Publishing, England. Geddes, Gordon & Griffiths, June. (2001) St. Mark’s Gospel. Heinemann Publishing, Melbourne. Cooper, Robin. (1970) Mark’s Gospel: An Interpretation for Today. Hodder & Stoughton, Abington. Available: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/rsposse/marcanpassrb.htm. Last Accessed 22/05/05

New Payment Methods in Health System and Quality of Care :: Argumentative Persuasive Government Papers

New Payment Methods in Health System and Quality of Care Introduction For the purpose of this article I will make some generalizations and I will define some words to facilitate the reading and understanding. These definitions are not intended to be exhaustive and must be understood only in the context of this article. In America health has had its own evolution, passing from the personal relationship between a physician and a patient to a complex system with many actors. As technology developed, on one hand, the costs increased and patients or their families weren’t able to pay by themselves. As a consequence, new payers, such as Government and employers appeared in the health industry. But once again, one treatment could be so expensive, that the resources of a small employer wouldn’t be enough to cover it, and his business could get in financial risk. Consequently, the typical insurers began to play their own role: The affiliation of large number of people paying a fixed premium per person and period of time, regardless the cost of the treatments needed by each of their affiliates. A patient could choose the provider, pay the treatment by itself, and later the insurer reimbursed him the cost of it. If the number of affiliates is high, the probability of a high cost treatment becom es more standard or predictable and the excess of money the insurer earns with people who pay and don’t get sick can absorb its costs. This is known as the â€Å"big numbers† law. On the other hand, physicians became more specialized, and needed more technology not affordable on an individual basis. Now we have physicians, nurses, hospices, clinics, hospitals and complex systems joining all them in order to provide the care needed by patients. For the purpose of this article I’ll call all of them providers. Cost continued increasing, the relations between these actors continued changing, and the characteristics of each of them too. In the side of the insurers, in the 1980’s, the Health Maintenance Organizations or HMO’s appeared. Despite their differences, in the beginning most had similar characteristics: they were non-profit organizations providing care to their affiliates with a selected net of providers and special rules and procedures that patients and providers should follow in order to accept the service and pay the provider. Recently, in the search to achieve the key objective of cost containment, the

Nature Reactive Architecture – Water Research Centre

Nature Reactive Architecture – Water Research Centre 001.jpg"/> Abstraction In the procedure of Reconstruction of damaged environmental systems the human activity that chiefly causes the harm is overlooked. This attack consequences in superficial solutions which normally fail in the long tally. The chief aim of this thesis is to happen new attacks of environmental solutions through architectural intercession which would reenforce both human and environmental activity and besides achieve spacial reawakening of such barrens. For this intent the theoretical constructs of a boundary line presented by Lebbeus Woods will be used to suggest a alone architectural intercession particular to the marginal status. The features of boundary line conditions are built-in at the Bankss of Rawal Lake. The adult male made reservoir is being threatened by unbridled development engendering near its Bankss. The job of sewerage being disposed straight into the lake has surfaced. The imbibing H2O modesty is quickly being polluted and similar human activity is damaging the environmental systems of the country. The lake has a great potency for development of new and bing systems. For this intent a H2O research Centre is being proposed for the site which will besides integrate plans that will be developed from the systems working on the site. Keywords:Borderline, Ecotones, Water Architecture, Hybrid Architecture, Integration of Systems Terminology Ecotone:Anecotoneis a passage country between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and incorporate. It may be narrow or broad, and it may be local ( the zone between a field and forest ) or regional ( the passage between wood and grassland ecosystems ) . Graves, R. ( 2011 ) . Ecotone. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eoearth.org/view/article/152345 Boundary line:Borderline is the natural infinite for transmutation, where systems of all sorts collide and abrade, as the universe breaks up, non into pandemonium, but instead into new forms of order. ( Woods 1998, 35 ) Table of contents Cover pagei Abstract two Terminologyiii Chapter One 1 IntroductionTheoretical ConceptsSite Description2 Thesis Statement 3 Aims 4 Rationale 5 Scope 6 Strategic Plan Chapter two 7 Research and Research Methodology 7.1 research stages 7.2 research scheme 7.2.1. Research Topic choice 7.2.2. Literature reappraisal 7.2.3. Conceptual model 7.2.4. Research inquiries 7.2.5. Required information 7.2.6. Research scheme 8 site 8.1. Site choice standards and impact 8.2. Site survey Bibliography 1 Introduction Harmonizing to Tadao Ando: â€Å"The presence of architecture: regardless of its self-contained character – necessarily creates a new landscape. This implies the necessity of detecting the architecture which the site itself is seeking† . The undertaking will research the possibility of mixing nature and architecture which will ensue a intercrossed solution for a landscape which has lost its character of infinite and clip. Every landscape requires a alone architecture that suits its being and which reinforces its built-in character. In the instance of the Bankss of Rawal Lake, the area’s whole being and character is based upon its multiple marginal conditions. 1.1 Theoretical constructs â€Å"The natural infinite for this transmutation is the boundary line, where systems of all sorts collide and abrade, as the universe breaks up, non into pandemonium, but instead into new forms of order† ( Woods 1998, 35 ) The undermentioned thesis description will use the word boundary line as was defined and explained by Lebbeus Woods. The boundary line identifies the bing status when the superimposition of assorted systems takes topographic point, responding and clashing to supply a new landscape ( Woods, 30 ) . These systems emerge from a broad scope of human and biological activity, they can be anything from societal conditions to ecological and biological conditions and more specifically trade with environmental phenomena, disused or turning substructure, and fluctuating economic activity. It is apparent in the biological phenomena such as cell membrane and ecotones that most of the growing and development occurs in the boundary line conditions. Such infinites are a natural land for transmutation and version with interacting systems. These overlying systems create landscapes that can incubate architectural redefinition and crave an architectural idea or as suggested by Forests,provides the evidences for the development of a new ‘mode of culture.’ This thought has generated the cardinal thesis proposition. By designation of overlying systems and an appropriate reaction, new antiphonal architectural typology can emerge. Basically the thesis challenges the traditional attack of architectural intercessions in the instance of an interesting boundary line scene. The purpose is to research new originative responses to overlying conditions in countries which do non by and large welcome development. In other words, an architecture that non merely embraces overlapping systems but enhances their being. This will be achieved after comprehensive research of the systems the chosen site embodies. 1.2 Site Description The boundary line under scrutiny for the thesis exists at the Bankss of Rawal dike in Islamabad. The bank is a boundary line of two ecotones ( H2O and land ) and besides it lies at the urban periphery of Islamabad and is a average land between planned and unplanned development. Rawal Lake is an unreal lake constructed in 1960s. It is one of the two chief H2O beginnings for the duplicate metropoliss of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The H2O is fed into the lake through Korang River and natural watercourses emerging from the Margallas. It serves as the chief beginning of imbibing in add-on it besides beginnings H2O to the nearby agricultural land. However what is of greater involvement sing this thesis is the clashing systems bing on its Bankss, some triggered by human colony and activity and some ensuing from evolutionary procedures. The unreal reservoir has become a great supplier of life in the part. It is a sanctuary for legion ecological systems and has become a survival land for the vegetations and zoologies of the country. It has besides facilitated diverse human activity. Its Bankss are today being used for recreational activity which is bring forthing noteworthy economic growing. With recent outgrowth of unbridled building the job of sewerage disposal into the lake has arisen. Sing that it serves as the chief supply of imbibing H2O of Rawalpindi, it is a serious concern. Taking these parametric quantities in consideration, the undertaking will develop within the interplay of human activity and environmental system tied with the H2O of the reservoir. 2 Statement Spatial reawakening at the Bankss of Rawal Lake through development of a new architectural typology from interacting systems. 2.1 Sub statement: Borderline is a natural infinite for transmutation. It hosts covering systems and have great originative potency. An ecotone is an illustration of a state of affairs where different systems collide. From these superimposed systems a H2O research Centre will emerge with plans derived from interacting systems, composed of a filter house and a life park for worlds and wildlife. 3 Aims The thesis aims to accomplish the aims set out below:Development of an architectural typology which integrates and emphasizes the relationship between natural and human systems on the Bankss of Rawal LakeSpatial reawakening of the country associated with Rawal Lake through societal, economic and environmental upheavalProposing new systems to heighten the bing substructureCreate an architectural typology which may direct hereafter development tendencies4 Rationale Rawal Lake has become a great supplier of life within the bounds of its being. It is a sanctuary for legion ecological systems and has become a survival land for the vegetations and zoologies of the country. It has besides facilitated diverse human activity. Its Bankss are today being used for recreational activity which is bring forthing noteworthy economic growing. It besides has the potency of bring forthing electricity. With recent outgrowth of unbridled building the job of sewerage disposal into the lake as arisen. Sing that it serves as the chief supply of imbibing H2O of the country, it is a serious concern. Its place and map can show great chances of development which can travel beyond the map of merely diversion. It exists on the urban periphery of Islamabad and can supply interesting province of personal businesss mediated in planned and unplanned development. 5 Scope The range of work outlined for the undertaking is as follows:The undertaking will see the full entity of the lake. Different ecological and human systems associated with the H2O organic structure will be considered, but the proposed architectural solutions will be confined to the country of the selected site. The undertaking will non research the urban impact of the solution. It will bring forth a paradigm of an architecture that enhances and regulates the environmental systems of Rawal lake6 Strategic Plan Bibliography Forests, Lebbeus, and Ekkehard Rehfeld, eds. , Borderline. New York: Springer Wien, 1998. Groat, Linda and David Wang. Architectural Research Methods ( 2002 ) McKloskey, Francis, â€Å" Borderline- Part 5 † ( 2014 ) .Senior Theses.Paper 206. hypertext transfer protocol: //surface.syr.edu/architecture_theses/206 I

Culturally, We Are Becoming More Similar Across the Globe

â€Å"Culturally, we are becoming more similar across the globe† Introduction Apart from complicated definitions of the term â€Å"globalization†, the matter requires focusing on a simple explanation of this concept. Indeed, globalization is recognized as an ongoing process that accompanies with it, noticeably, certain challenges, such as a wide range of integrated communities, regional economics, and cultures, through a wide range of communication and trading. However, still the argument by all experts is corresponding to the theme whereas globalization provides similarity for individuals or not, at the cultural space.This paper articulates an in-depth discussion of this theme. 1- Globalization Even though, globalization may be defined economically as a new integration of the entire global economies through the capital flows, migration, trading, technical spread, and basically foreign direct investment. 2- Culture and Globalization Despite the fact that there are recen tly ongoing political, economic and even cultural uniformitarian of the world, relativism has been raised to the very urgent issues of a philosophical agenda, along with many other various disciplines.There is still the question, which is puzzling that all thoughts related to the concept of whether there is an extension of cultural diversity influence the products and activities of social and philosophizing science or not (Steger, 2009). The opponents of global similarity built their vision on the importance of citizenship, even though the entire world became such a small village. To maintain citizenship reflects the fact of regular movements in many countries, simply to gain rights, and those different rights from other nations.National citizenship has its power and calls for the rights of citizens (Aronowitz, 2003). Lechner (2004), states that one can consider the year 1989 as a representation of citizenship. Even recently, many national movements call for acquiring the full citiz enship, which reflects more rights, responsibilities, and dignities. An example of the global movements is the Arab Spring Revolutions. Globalization, it has took off in 1989 when the exponential growth in the analyses of the global universe began to call for a putative global reconstitution of political, economic, and cultural relationships as well.It has reflected the fact that people were living in a global village, as the struggles for citizenship have brought instantaneously and was living into their various homes (Krishna, 2008). Indeed, the struggles for the citizenship has been seen in the fall of the Berlin Wall along with the crushing of the Pro-Democracy movement in China, were transmitted through the communication systems of global media. 3- Role of Media Indeed, this term, â€Å"New Media† has been defined according to many theories and opinions.Notwithstanding, there are regular debate over its impact and the convergence. To sum up, both â€Å"New Media† and â€Å"Digital Revolution† have been employed interchangeably. Looking at the first term, new media, simply, indicates to profound changes, especially in the electronic communications, which back to 1980s, whereas digital revolution indicates to the influence of this rapid drop in the involved cost and as well this rapid expansion of digital devices’ power, such as telecommunications and computer.Additionally, this change brought with it certain increasing globalization, social and technological transformations, and mainly, these changes in the way by which persons can see themselves and the surrounded world. Most importantly, this rapid change of technological revolution brings with it many challenges, especially which are corresponding with generating social changes focusing on these implicit virtues, values, and vices that are possessed by this rapid changed technology. With the highest change of technological revolution, U.S. A. could evolve with cultural relati vism along with being included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. One more critical point here needed to be clarified. This challenge indicated to the transformation of the elements of cultural relativism. From this theme, U. S. A could expand its power to justify its universalistic ideology. This in turn, involved enhancing, civilizing, and as well liberating the indigenous human in an imperious extension. This is seen obviously in the economical policy of United States in Middle East.Despite all of the dark events and contradicts faced by cultural relativism, it must be put into consideration and again, with in-depth awareness that unlike any of the old generals, the arguments of cultural relativism neither fade away nor die (Dascal, 1991). Again, according to Dascal (1991), there is a necessity of deriving the new future of the theory from the frequently committed fallacy of confusion of cultural relativism with any other cultural diversity or variability.The second ca n be derived from the clear fact that recently there is not just one type of cultural relativism, but instead there are three types. These types must be considered widely when we are interested in adding to the future of cultural relativism. Those types of descriptive, epistemological and normal must be re-designated under the same term to avoid any further confusion. Those three types are not mere analytical acts that are separated, but they are considered historically distinct.The latter element must explicate any adverted results of epistemological relativism to assist this contemporary type of the theory, cultural relativism for more acts anthropologically and full of researches as well (Dascal, 1991). Again, apart from hard criticism of the wrong attitude of this ad, there is still hopefully, a positive evidence that old prejudices are fading with the introduction of each new generation to the rightful thinking, slowly eliminating old habits, thoughts, and actions that have bee n accepted for far too long.Back to the human rights’ principles, still media needs to play strongly, its role in clarifying those principles obviously. Even though, cultural relativism included certain methodological and epistemological claims, which could be found easily in the aforesaid ad; the principle of cultural relativism should not be confused with the ideas of moral relativism, which advocated the theme of claiming relatively to historical, cultural, social, or personal circumstances.Internet, the global money markets, the world travel, the globally recognized brands, the globally organized corporations, and the global celebrities’ living, etc†¦all have spoken of new modes of the social experience, which transcend each nation-state plus to its constitution of the national citizen (Mittelman, 2004). When everyone is seeking to be an actual citizen of the existing national society or to establish his own national society, the term globalization has appeare d to be changing what it is supposed to be a citizen (Ritzer & Atalay, 2010).Globalization appears to involve certain weakening of the social power and such a corresponding development of what is called ‘post-national’ citizenship. Most of the national citizenships are nowadays losing their required grounds to the model of membership, which should be universal and unique. Such a model should include membership, which is located within the increasing of territorialized nations of the extra universal rights of individuals. This post-national citizenship is, particularly, connected with the uest working's growth across various societies, greater global interdependence, which can overlap the memberships of different categories of citizenship. The emergence of universalistic conceptions and rules regarding all human rights have been formalized by all international laws and codes (Smith, 2002). Even though, according to Aronowitz (2003), the contemporary citizenship is known as loosely ‘post-modern’. In fact, there is no modern rational-legal state at all, particularly with any clear monopoly of power, which can be able to deliver unambiguous duties and rights to its citizens who may appear such a nation of strangers.Most importantly, and as mentioned by Krishna (2008), the global processes restructure certain social inequalities, while they are transforming many states into those ‘regulators’ of flows. In addition, brands, corporations, NGOs and many of multi-national ‘states’ have emerged more powerful than mere nation-states. Communities, such as Chinese, have developed no coterminous with the nation states' boundaries. This huge growth of post-national citizenship stem from a wide processes and many institutional arrangements, which are stretching within completely different communities.The result is there is huge variety of citizenships that are emerging in the present world (Lechner, 2004). Many examples of d eveloping of that putative global citizenship, which can be articulated from the global media attitudes. Looking at the global mass media, one can figure out its consideration of citizenship as having necessitated certain symbolic resources, which have been distributed through different means of communication. There is an obvious theme of cultural citizenship, which is corresponding to the rights of all social groups, such as age, ethnic, gender, and sexual to full cultural participation within their communities.As to responsibilities and duties of global world, there is a theme, which demonstrates a stance of cosmopolitanism towards many other cultures, environments, and other citizens (Ritzer, 2010). Such cosmopolitanism involves either consuming such environments across the globe completely or even refusing to so consume those environments. Media plays its role professionally in this regard, while it is producing certain images as well as information, which provide solid means by which nature has come to be recognized as seriously threatened has become such a widely shared belief recently.Dramatically, the existence of the global networks and the huge flows can involve curious hybrids of the once-separate private and public spheres. The result will be an increase overlap between the private and public spheres, therefore on the other hand, between great issues of citizenship along with the nature of the contemporary consumerism (Macionis & Plummer, 2012). Most preciously, culture and cultural policies that crisscross the private and public spheres are however, representing challenges of citizenship. ConclusionGlobalization accompanies new themes, which may be contradicted with original culture and principles of citizens. Many appeals within the recent global media are interested strongly with the development of a sense of planetary responsibility, instead of that responsibility for certain locales. This is considered, relatively a new notion and, particularl y one, which appears to distinguish all humans from other known species. The previous citizenships have been focused on antagonism between humans who are inside and those others who are outside, upon defining those non-citizens, the other, or those enemies.This reflects, simply, the fact that no similarity through the globe at all. References Aronowitz, S. (2003) Implicating empire: globalization and resistance in the 21st century world order, Basic Books. Dascal, M. (1991) Cultural Relativism and Philosophy: North and Latin American Perspectives, Leiden: BRILL. Krishna, S. (2008) Globalization and postcolonialism: hegemony and resistance in the twenty-first century, Rowman & Littlefield. Lechner, F. (2004) The globalization reader, Wiley-Blackwell. Macionis, J. & Plummer, K. , 2012, Sociology: A Global Introduction. th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, pp 165-169. Mittelman, J. (2004) Whither globalization? : the vortex of knowledge and ideology, Routledge. Ritzer, G. 201 0, Globalization: A Basic Text, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp243-276. Ritzer, G. & Atalay, 2010, Readings in Globalization: Key concepts and Debates, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp307-424. Smith, J. (2002) Globalization and resistance: transnational dimensions of social movements, Rowman & Littlefield. Steger, M. 2009: Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp71-83.

Noodles industry in India with market share Essay

‘Growing Up’ The Instant noodles market in India is finally coming of age after over 25 years The instant noodles category in India was, in a sense, created by Nestlà © with the introduction of their Maggi brand in mid-1980s. The concept of ‘2-minute noodles’, positioned as a quick snack option for children, found acceptance with both the children and their mothers as well. Having built and nurtured the category’s evolution, the brand name â€Å"Maggi† almost became a synonym for the instant noodles category itself. During the 1990s and 2000s, Maggi faced little competition. Despite the entry of players like Top Ramen (Indo Nissin Foods) in 1991, Ching’s Secret (Capital Foods) in 1996, and Wai Wai (CG Foods) in 2005, Maggi continued to retain its dominant position. However, in the past few years, we have seen consumer goods giants ITC (Sunfeast Yippee!), Glaxo-Smithkline (Horlicks Foodles), and Hindustan Unilever Limited (Knorr Soupy Noodles) foray into this lucrative market with differentiated product offerings. These brands have brought a competitive intensity to the space. This market now also comprises private labels like Feasters (AV Birla Retail), Tasty Treat (Future Group), and Smart Choice (Spencers). Even though ‘Maggi’ continues to dominate the market with a share in excess of 75%, the entry of multiple brands and the increasing aggression of existing brands has taken away several percentage points from Maggi’s market share. The category’s strong growth, and ever widening consumer acceptance, makes it a lucrative option for various players. The instant noodles market is estimated at ~INR 2200 crore (USD 402.7 million) and is projected to grow at a healthy annual rate of ~15% over the next few years. There are several reasons behind the growth this category has realized, in India, some of which are mentioned below. ï‚ · Changing consumer lifestyles – Over the years, the change in consumers’ preferences and eating habits, and their wider global exposure, along with an increasingly younger population, the growth in the middle class, with more nuclear families, and the growing time-poverty (as a result of the rise in the number of working couples) has given a boost to the convenience food segment. As a result, the instant noodles market has charted a high growth trajectory thanks to its availability, affordability, anytime-anywhere consumption and convenience, being a quick meal requiring minimal cooking. Instant noodles have also emerged from being a snack food or an occasional, alternate eating option to a mainstream food item of choice featuring regularly in consumers’ grocery baskets. ï‚ · Growing customer base – The emergence of instant noodles has added a new dimension to consumers’ meals; noodles are being consumed not just by kids (who are the core target audience) as an evening snack or a ‘tiffin’ meal but by consumers across all age groups, as an eating option beyond the ‘mundane’ ones. While it continues to be a home snack, it is also increasingly being consumed at workplace, colleges, etc. Geographically too, the appetite for instant noodles is growing with players now eyeing the semi-urban and rural markets. The category’s penetration is low in India (~20-25%), thus presenting a lucrative opportunity for growth. ï‚ · More options and variants: Players present in the space are innovating and adding value to establish a unique brand proposition in the consumers’ mind. Some of the major developments in this direction include: o Introduction of new flavors: To kindle the consumer’s interest in the category and also cater to the diverse and changing tastes of the consumer, instant noodles brands constantly enhance their product offerings by adding new flavors. In addition to the classic Masala and Chicken flavors, a wide range of flavors including Indo-Chinese, Chinese, tomato, etc. have been launched. 1 o Growing focus on health: Despite their fondness for instant noodles, consumers in India hold the notion that noodles are unhealthy, being made from ‘maida’ which is seen as not being as healthy as ‘atta’. To address this concern, brands are proactively introducing ‘healthy’ offerings as part of their product portfolio. Maggi and Top Ramen have their ‘atta’ noodles, while Horlicks Foodles was launched entirely on the health platform, with the noodles made from wheat or multiple grains and including a vitamin-supplying â€Å"Health Maker†. Additionally, HUL has also positioned its Knorr Soupy Noodles as a healthy, fun-filled snack. o More packaging variants: Brands have introduced packs in different sizes, right from single noodle packs of 50-75 gm. to value eight noodle packs. Further, to increase the category’s penetration, brands like Maggi and Wai Wai have extended product offerings in an even smaller pack size, priced at INR 5. o Category extension from pouch to cup noodles: A vital development in the market was the extension from pouch noodles to cup noodles that are ready-to-eat, on adding hot water, unlike pouch noodles that require to be cooked. The driving factor here is that convenience (the need for an on-the-go meal) is gaining in prominence in consumers’ lives owing to the rise in a younger working population and a migrant population, the increasing population of double income households with more working women, etc. Top Ramen offers different flavors in cup noodles, mini cup noodles, and mug noodles. Maggi and Wai Wai have extended to cup noodles as well. Modern formats, which provide high product visibility and good product displays, are acting as a good marketing platform for brands to promote their product offerings via consumer schemes like price discounts, bundled offers, sampling for new launches, etc. However, about 80-90% of instant noodles sales takes place through traditional formats (mom and pop stores), which is not surprising since noodles are a regular grocery item. Thus players need to invest significantly in distribution and establish a widespread retail reach and tap into a larger consumer base. Therefore, distribution remains an important enabler for this category. Another key challenge for players is to maintain price points and margins given the fluctuations in input costs. Usually, they opt to reduce pack sizes, while keeping prices constant, to counter the challenge. In its journey of 28 years, the instant noodles market has undergone several changes, viz. the entry of several new players, innovations in products and value-addition in packaging, the emergence of modern formats, a shift in consumption towards convenience foods, etc. Going forward, this market will continue to register a doubledigit growth and will witness higher competitive intensity. The strength of the distribution networks and media campaigns of the new entrants has the potential to be a game-changer and may eventually cause Maggi to face some serious competition, and perhaps even make this pioneering brand fight to defend its dominance. This category is finally coming of age and promises to be an interesting space to watch in the next few years. Authored By: Pragya Singh – Associate Director, Retail Ashima Anand- Senior Consultant, Retail

How is Gender Viewed in Society? Essay

Gender is still an issue in society. Though, many parts of the world made great strides in reducing gender discrimination, a casual glance across the globe quickly reveals that the scourges of gender intolerance are far from having been eliminated. Despite intense and almost desperate efforts to eliminate ethnic intolerance and discrimination, they appear to be every bit as bad at the close of the 20th century as at the beginning of the century.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"We do not cut our own deal by ourselves, in gender–neutral institutions and arenas. The social institutions of our world–workplace, family, school, and politics–are also gendered institutions, sites where the dominant definitions are reinforced and reproduced, and where â€Å"deviants† are disciplined. We become gendered selves in a gendered society† (Kimmel, 2004, p16). We live in a society where as ‘gender’ we entail that the organizations of our society have developed in ways that reproduce both the differences between women and men and the control of men over women. Institutionally, we can see how the constitution of the workplace is organized around representing and reproducing masculinity: The temporal and spatial organization of work both depend upon the severance of spheres. However, a primary reason for our seeming incapability to eliminate the plagues of gender, ethnic, and class discrimination is the fact that we have not appropriately understood the etiology and functions of this phenomenon. Social dominance theorists suggest that these forms of social oppression, somewhat than being just products of â€Å"improper socialization,† simple ignorance, or the exigencies of capitalism, are mainly the result of inherent features of human and primate social organization. â€Å"Yet to the point to which they refuse to give up their femininity, they are seen as different, and thus gender discrimination is justifiable as the sorting of different people into different Slots† (Catharine MacKinnon, 1989, pp. 218-19). Women who succeed are punished for throwing out their femininity–rejected as potential partners, labeled as â€Å"dykes,† left off the enticement lists. The first women who entered the military, or military colleges, or even Princeton and Yale when they became coeducational in the late 1960s, were seen as being â€Å"less† feminine, as being abortive as women. Yet had they been more â€Å"successful† as women, they would have been seen as less capable soldiers or students (Michael Kimmel, Diane Diamond, and Kirby Schroeder, 1999).   . I believe that one of the major reasons why humans have made so little advancement in eliminating gender discrimination is that we do not yet adequately understand the dynamics of these phenomena. One instance of this lack of under- standing is the popularity of the double danger hypothesis, which holds that Black women, for instance, will be more discriminated against than Black males. Thus gender inequality creates a double bind for women–a double bind that is based on the postulation of gender difference and the assumption of institutional gender neutrality. Work cited Catharine MacKinnon, Towards a Feminist Theory of the State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 218-19. Michael Kimmel, Diane Diamond, and Kirby Schroeder, â€Å"‘What’s This about a Few Good Men?’ Negotiating Sameness and Difference in Military Education from the 1970s to the Present,† in Masculinities and Education, N. Lesko, ed. (Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1999). Michael S. Kimmel, The Gendered Society, Oxford University Press, 2000

Health Policy on Obesity in Relation to Mental Health Illness Essay

Health Policy on Obesity in Relation to Mental Health Illness - Essay Example The  World Health Organization  defines mental health as "a state of  well-being  in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community" (World Health Organisation, 2010). Obesity, where excess fat accumulates in the body, causes serious health problems like diabetes, liver and heart problems, and/or cancer, often also leads to mental illness in the affected person, thus producing an overall negative effect on human health. Data from the latest Health Survey for England (HSE) revealed that â€Å"in 2009, 61.3% of adults (aged 16 or over), and 28.3% of children (aged 2-10) in England were overweight or obese, of these, 23.0% of adults and 14.4% of children were obese. The Foresight report, Tackling Obesities: Future Choices project, published in October 2007, predicted that if no action was taken, 60% of men, 50% of women and 25% of children would be obese by 2050† (Department of Health, Obesity, 2011). ... ity to accord proper healthcare to all sections of the population, to spread awareness and educate the public through various promotions and programmes. In this context, the paper will examine the determinants of health, their relevance to health and well-being, and the impact of inequalities of health on individuals and populations, while analysing the impact of policies on public health and healthcare access, and the structure, organization and delivery of healthcare.   It will also evaluate the role of the nurse in the promotion of health with individuals, families and populations and first contact care, while using a health promotion framework to illustrate role of nurse Discussion The determinants of health, their relevance to health and well-being, and the impact of inequalities of health on individuals and populations: The surrounding environment and circumstances that one faces in his/her daily life, often decides the course of health of that particular individual. Differen t factors like family income, education, lifestyle, surrounding environment, interpersonal relationships, and genetics, all have a significant effect on health. On the other hand, certain commonly deliberated factors like the availability and use of health care services, tend to produce less impact on an individual’s health (WHO, Health Impact Assessment (HIA) - The determinants of health, 2011). According to WHO the determinants of health comprise of â€Å"the social and economic environment; the physical environment; and the person’s individual characteristics and behaviours† (ibid). Thus, we find that often the ambience/surroundings in a person’s life determines this/her health, and some of these determinants are quite beyond the direct control of an individual. Besides the

Analysis of Identity Theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Identity Theft - Essay Example You can even find that while you have your information secure, another honest person who you send it to in good faith is vulnerable to ID hijackers. i1The criminal, a convicted felon, not only incurred more than $100,000 of credit card debt, obtained a federal home loan, and bought homes, motorcycles, and handguns in the victims name, but called his victim to taunt him -- saying that he could continue to pose as the victim for as long as he wanted because identity theft was not a federal crime at that time -- before filing for bankruptcy, also in the victims name. Though involving elements of embezzlement, blackmail, deception, and intimidation the ii Congress used the events as a basis for establishing ‘Identity Theft’ as a felony in its own right in 1989. ID Theft has a language of its own. iii‘Dumpster Diving’ - ransacking litter bins and landfill sites to secure discarded sensitive documentation. shoulder Surfing’ – Watching people (sometimes through binoculars) as they use phone cards or pin number machines. Combating ID fraud is a growth industry. Financial institutions use advisory bodies to warn people how to protect themselves, and what to do if they have become victims. websites offer practical advice. Many homes now have shredders to enable ID bearing literature to be destroyed so that Dumpster Divers cannot intercept it. Many people only learn that they are victims when they receive bills indicating large debts, which they have not personally authorized. When they query this with any credit agencies involved, they may find that they are personally expected to settle the debts run up in their name. As ScamBusters.Org observe: vii companies who made the loans often assume that you are the one who actually incurred the debt, and is trying to beat them out of their money. They can be very aggressive in their collection tactics.  Ã‚  

The Technological Stimulus of the Industrial Revolution Essay

The Technological Stimulus of the Industrial Revolution - Essay Example The technology that continued to drive the Industrial Revolution came in the form of invention and innovation. Invention, and the implementation of the invention, was merely the first step in the process. It is estimated that the period of invention terminated in 1780 (McCloskey 251). All progress after that date was due to innovations on existing technology. Initially, the textile mills located their factories near sources of water that were needed to drive the water wheel technology. The introduction of the steam engine radically changed the economics of the textile industry. No longer forced to relocate workers to the site of the source of power, manufacturers were free to build factories at the population centers that provided a ready supply of cheap labor. Aside from solving the labor issue, steam power was not subject to the changes in weather and seasonal variations that water was. Water was subject to drought and in the attempt to make up for losses in the dry period, water driven mills were often forced to employ child labor during high productivity periods. The loss of this labor source reduced the value of water. Though the cost of water may have been competitive, it could never be a reach the production levels of steam. Without the introduction of the invention of steam, the textile industry could never have reached an economy of scale. ... However, there were some major differences in the economy of the production of iron. Iron experienced an unprecedented level of growth in production during the period of 1780-1860. However, it did not see an improvement in the productivity that was noted in textiles (McCloskey 251). While the cost of textiles fell dramatically during this period, the cost of iron fell less sharply. McCloskey has attributed this to the rising cost of inputs, mainly coal, that were required in the production of iron (251). The production level of iron was spurred by improved technology, but an influx of capital could not significantly raise the level of productivity. The inventions and innovations also aided the high levels of production and improved productivity during the Industrial Revolution in transportation. Transportation not only increased trade, but also facilitated the transport of local raw materials and finished goods. While McCloskey puts the value of transportation during this period at about 6% of the national income, it may have been a resource whose dynamic effect is difficult to calculate (258). The development of roads and waterways was reflected in the overall cost of transporting cloth from a remote mill to a commerce center. The eventual reduction in the cost of transportation through technological improvements would further raise the level of productivity. Transportation moved the finished goods and allowed for the importation of raw cheaper materials. Critics, however, have argued that the peripheral economic benefits of transportation, including the expansion of trade, amount to very little (McCloskey 258). However, even outside the textile sector, exports grew among almost all manufactured goods though they were